Afghanistan has risen to second on Watchlist because of its high exposure to the triple threats of conflict, COVID-19 and climate change and uncertainty over the stalled peace process between the government and the Taliban.

This report provides an overview and assessment of innovative financing concepts and instruments that could be applied to support the response to refugee crises.

Lessons from the IRC’s experience shifting first from in-kind to cash and from physical cash to digital cash; enabling factors and barriers to working with digital payment providers, including mobile money.

This policy brief recommends durable solutions to address the root causes of migration and sustain success in responding to humanitarian challenges in Northern Central America.